Art Critique

Patricia Gelin I. DoctoleroMarch 6, 2013 E-1R Mater Dolorosa By Simon Dela Rosa Flores (Critique Paper) The work of art entitled Mater Dolorosa that is painted utilizing oil by Simon Dela Rosa Flores on a canvas (104 x 73. 5 cm). Simon Flores is known for his strict works of art that were appointed by rich families and ward places of worship. The date of the work of art when it was made was not known. I. Understanding When I initially observed the artistic creation, I thought of a mother considering her child/daughter.The kids behind the mother and gazing at her were her gatekeeper heavenly attendants that help, solace and guide her to petition God for her child/little girl. I feel that the child/little girl has been an issue to his/her mom and has been away for quite a while. Thus, she has been sitting tight for him/her to return to her consideration and she has been lamenting, aching for them to be with her. The gatekeeper blessed messengers are remaining by the side of mother to b e quiet and reveal to her trust God to wrap up for her. The artwork gives an inclination to me that are tranquil and pitiful, yet brimming with expectation and trust in God that He will assist her with bringing back her youngster. Additionally read this Critique of Stuff Is Not SalvationIn a way, I can likewise recollect my own mom in the artwork that consistently deals with me and is constantly stressed at whatever point I am not close by. I picked this fine art as a result of all, I esteem most my family and God. This artwork gives everything to me and reflects genuine feelings that a mother must feel at whatever point she is dismal, yearning for her youngster to return to her. Numerous accounts can be related with this painting. Another story that I can likewise identify with the canvas is the mother’s kid has been dead and still the mother can't acknowledge the way that her kid was at that point gone.II. Exploration PART (Artwork Interpretation by Artist) The translation of Simon Dela Rosa Flores of his craftsmanship entitled Mater Dolorosa was truly what the painting needs to tell the watchers. He said that it was his own variant of lamenting mother with long wavy hair against a dull blue and whi te tunic that represents the feelings that the mother feels like pitiful and on edge. The hands of the mother were fastened near her heart to reflect despondency. Her outward appearances were exceptionally inactive and troubled.The youngsters that are behind the mother were angels that are managing the mother in the midst of he distress. III. Components OF ART USED The components of craftsmanship that were utilized by Simon dela Rosa Flores were shading and worth. The hues that were utilized, represented the feelings and sentiments that was felt by the mother in the work of art like the dim blue for distress and the white tunic for trust and furthermore for confidence in God. The cherub’s shading delineates direction and furthermore light from them. Worth is likewise utilized such that the work of art has its social worth particularly for Filipinos.It is additionally a direct result of the profound significance behind the artwork of the lamenting mother. IV. SOCIO-HISTORICAL CONTEXT ON ART AND SOCIETY Simon dela Rosa Flores is known in his time in dedicating his craft to strict perspectives, well off and celebrated individuals. He prefers making representations of individuals and the vast majority of his works of art remembers utilization of oil for a canvas. One of his strict compositions is the Mater Dolorosa which is near his mom and kid and San Roque yet rather than the kid there where angels. Mater Dolorosa implies lamenting mother in Spanish.Many forms of this work of art were done exceptionally on the Spanish occasions. Hs painting began in the nineteenth century where the illustrados saw the ascent of specialty of painting. The illustrados contracted painters to make picture of themselves to report and for others to see their newly discovered riches and societal position. One of the painters who are selected is no other than Simon Flores. He painted adornments, design extras, minuet subtleties of weaved garments and strict benefactors. From that point, he began painting strict figures and even rich families turned into his core interest. Workmanship Critique Patricia Gelin I. DoctoleroMarch 6, 2013 E-1R Mater Dolorosa By Simon Dela Rosa Flores (Critique Paper) The fine art entitled Mater Dolorosa that is painted utilizing oil by Simon Dela Rosa Flores on a canvas (104 x 73. 5 cm). Simon Flores is known for his strict artistic creations that were dispatched by rich families and area temples. The date of the work of art when it was made was not known. I. Understanding When I previously observed the work of art, I thought of a mother pondering her child/daughter.The youngsters behind the mother and gazing at her were her watchman holy messengers that help, solace and guide her to appeal to God for her child/little girl. I imagine that the child/little girl has been an issue to his/her mom and has been away for quite a while. Thus, she has been hanging tight for him/her to return to her consideration and she has been lamenting, yearning for them to be with her. The watchman heavenly attendants are remaining by the side of mother to be quiet and reveal to her trust God to wrap up for her. The artwork gives an inclination to me that are tranquil and dismal, however brimming with expectation and trust in God that He will assist her with bringing back her kid. Additionally read this Critique of Stuff Is Not SalvationIn a way, I can likewise recall my own mom in the artwork that consistently deals with me and is constantly stressed at whatever point I am not close by. I picked this work of art due to all, I esteem most my family and God. This work of art gives everything to me and reflects genuine feelings that a mother must feel at whatever point she is tragic, yearning for her youngster to return to her. Numerous accounts can be related with this painting. Another story that I can likewise identify with the canvas is the mother’s kid has been dead and still the mother can't acknowledge the way that her youngster was at that point gone.II. Exploration PART (Artwork Interpretation by Artist) The understanding of Simon Dela Rosa Flores of his fine art entitled Mater Dolorosa was truly what the painting needs to tell the watchers. He said that it was his own variant of lamenting mother with long wavy hair against a dim blue and white tunic that represents the feelings that the mother feels like dismal and restless. The hands of the mother were caught near her heart to reflect despondency. Her outward appearances were latent and troubled.The youngsters that are behind the mother were seraphs that are controlling the mother in the midst of he distress. III. Components OF ART USED The components of craftsmanship that were utilized by Simon dela Rosa Flores were shading and worth. The hues that were utilized, represented the feelings and sentiments that was felt by the mother in the work of art like the dull blue for distress and the white tunic for trust and furthermore for confidence in God. The cherub’s shading delineates direction and furthermore light from them. Worth is likewise utilized such that the artistic creation has its social worth particularly for Filipinos.It is additionally a result of the profound significance behind the composition of the lamenting mother. IV. SOCIO-HISTORICAL CONTEXT ON A RT AND SOCIETY Simon dela Rosa Flores is known in his time in committing his craft to strict perspectives, affluent and popular individuals. He prefers making pictures of individuals and the greater part of his artworks remembers utilization of oil for a canvas. One of his strict artworks is the Mater Dolorosa which is near his mom and kid and San Roque however rather than the youngster there where seraphs. Mater Dolorosa implies lamenting mother in Spanish.Many renditions of this canvas were done uniquely on the Spanish occasions. Hs painting began in the nineteenth century where the illustrados saw the ascent of craft of painting. The illustrados contracted painters to make picture of themselves to archive and for others to see their newly discovered riches and economic wellbeing. One of the painters who are designated is no other than Simon Flores. He painted adornments, design frill, minuet subtleties of weaved garments and strict benefactors. From that point, he began painting strict figures and even rich families turned into his core interest.

ICECREAM AND FRUIT PUNCH Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Frozen yogurt AND FRUIT PUNCH - Article Example blame denial, and forbiddance of a person to take an interest in care conveyance (Minimum guidelines and core values for university schools of nursing in Maryland, 2005). The disciplinary and assurance move that has been made by the states leading group of nursing committee for span of may 1 2010 to July 10 2010 were around 200 cases. Past to the states board shows up to the finishing up decision on individual’s case, there are measures, which are expressed and followed so as to show up at an official choice. On the off chance that the board gets a case or data that a medical caretaker has disregarded the specified laws, the nursing board will in the end do examination on grumble. Before the decision is resolved about criticize, the medical attendant is given a space to a fair treatment that requires benefiting of enough notification, the portrayal of the charges, and the possibility for a meeting (Maryland State Board of Nursing, 2009). On the off chance that the proof gave doesn't bolster the claim, grumbles putted ahead will be excused. Then again, when the proof matches or bolster the claims, the disciplinary measures to be given to the medical attendant will incorporate censure, disavowal, probation, fine, suspension, and the denial of the medical attendant authentication. The punishment given or disciplinary estimates given will rely upon the recency of the offense and seriousness, how much an individual redirected from the necessary norm, past disciplinary history, singular capacity to rehearse securely, and the alleviating factors (Nurse Practice Act: section 632: Maryland updated resolutions and regulatory code, 2008). As per the disciplinary activity given to Rogers Michelle permit number R131222, his permit was dropped for length of five years. The principle motivations to the disciplinary activity provide for the medical attendant was that; he disregarded the specified medical caretakers act, being associated with amateurish lead, and utilization of medications while at obligation. As indicated by the board, the attendant has been screen

Profile of the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale

Profile of the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale Social Anxiety Disorder Diagnosis Print Profile of the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 22, 2020 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Witthaya Prasongsin / Getty Images The Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS) is a 28-item  self-rated scale used to measure various aspects of social anxiety including distress, discomfort, fear, anxiety, and the avoidance of social situations. Scale Development The Social Avoidance and Distress Scale was developed by David Watson and Ronald Friend in 1969 and is closely linked to the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNE) by the same authors. Scales such as the SADS are most typically used by clinicians to screen for problems or by researchers to track symptoms over time, usually before and after some sort of intervention. Scale Administration Each item on the SADS is a statement about some aspect of social anxiety. When answering the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale, you must decide whether each statement is true or false for you personally. If the choice is difficult, you are asked to choose the one that is slightly more applicable based on how you feel at the moment. You are asked to answer based on your first reaction and not spend too long on any item. Below are some sample questions from the SADS. Try answering each of these as TRUE or FALSE depending on which you think applies most to you. I feel relaxed even in unfamiliar social situations.I try to avoid situations that force me to be very sociable.It is easy for me to relax when I am with strangers. Scoring A total score on the SADS is obtained based on the answers to the true/false questions. Higher scores indicate greater social anxiety. As with any self-report instrument, scores on the SADS need to be interpreted by a mental health professional and followed up with a full diagnostic interview for social anxiety disorder (SAD) when warranted. Reliability and Validity Scores on the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale have been shown to correlate moderately well with scores on the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), based on a sample of 206 patients. In student samples, Watson and Friend demonstrated internal consistency reliability of .94 and test-retest reliability of .68. These findings mean that this instrument has both validity (it measures what it is aimed at measuring) and reliability (the items are all measuring the same thing). SADS for Research and Clinical Use The SADS may be useful in the assessment of social avoidance among those with social anxiety disorder, both in clinical and research settings. Copyright for the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale is held by the American Psychological Association, as it was originally published in an APA journal. If you are a researcher or clinician and wish to use the SADS, you must complete an APA request form and submit a copy of the instrument as you intend to use it. A Word From Verywell If you live with symptoms of social anxiety disorder, it might be tempting to use a self-report measure such as the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale to assess whether your problems might be diagnosed as a social anxiety disorder. However, while instruments such as the SADS might be helpful in screening for a potential problem, it is only through a diagnostic appointment with a mental health professional that your issues can be properly assessed. If you feel that social anxiety is a problem that is having an impact on your daily life, consider making an appointment to discuss your concerns.

Oedipus Essay - 767 Words

Sophocles Oedipus the King is a tragic play which discusses the tragic discovery of Oedipus that he has killed his father and married his mother. The story of Oedipus was well known to the athenian s. Oedipus is the embodiement of the perfect Athenian. He is self-confident, intelligent, and strong willed. Ironically these are the very traits which bring about his tragic discovery. Oedipus gained the rule of Thebes by answering the riddle of Sphinx. Sophocles used the riddle of the sphinx as a metaphor for the 3 phases of Oedipus life and to further characterized him as a tragic man. The Sphinx posed the following riddle to all who came to obtain the rule of thebes: What is it that walks on 4 feet and 2 feet and 3 feet†¦show more content†¦He is very dilligent in the inquiriy and finally comes to the horrible truth that he himself is the murderer. Jocasta kills herself at the horrible realization that she has layed with her son and Oedipus puts out his eyes at finally seeing the truth. This fulfills the final part of the Sphinx s riddle for Oedipus will have to walk with a cane for the rest of his life because of his blindness, this will give him the 3 feet which man walks with at the end of his years. Oedipus used his intellect and diligence to answer the riddle of the Sphinx. Many of the most intelligent young men of thebes has been killed attempting to answer the riddle but Oedipus proved his intelligence superior to theirs. Oedipus uses the same intelligence and perseverance to find the killer of Laius. He does not give up his search even when Jocasta warns him to stop and let the matter rest. He calls the shepard and interrogates him till he discovers the horrifying truth that he is the killer. Oedipus intelligence was ultimately his flaw. Also, if Oedipus had not had been as coarageous he would have have never ventured to answer the riddle of the Sphinx. Thus even though he had killed his father he would have never become king of Thebes and laid with his mother. In addition, if Oedipus had had the courage but not the intelligence the Spinx would have killed him for answering the riddle incorrectly. Sophocles used this to characterized Oedipus as a tragicShow MoreRelatedComparing Oedipus and Prufrock Essay1029 Words   |  5 Pagesthem in a certain place in time. In this essay, two characters of completely different fields will be put side by side to compare their own tragic flaws. On one hand, Sophocles’ Oedipus is proud, arrogant and persistent; while on the other hand, Eliot’s Prufrock is self conscious, insecure, and indecisive. While the two characters are complete polar opposites, they also share a devastating similarity: they are paranoid and in fear of their own fate. Oedipus’ personality is clearly conveyed as havingRead More Oedipus and Creon in Sophocles Oedipus the King Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesOedipus and Creon in Sophocles Oedipus the King   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At first glance, Oedipus and Creon are two very different people. But as time progresses their personalities and even their fates grow more and more similar. In Sophocles’s play â€Å"Oedipus the King†, Oedipus and Creon are two completely opposite people. Oedipus is brash and thoughtless, whilst Creon is wise and prudent. In â€Å"Oedipus the King†, Oedipus effectively portrays the idea of the classic â€Å"flawed hero†. He becomes arrogant and brash.Read MoreOedipus Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion 1 Question 1.) One of the responses people usually have about Oedipus is if he really deserved the fate that he ended up with. It’s not his fault that Jocasta and Laius tried to outsmart fate and dispose of him. In trying to run from this prophecy, did he really do anything any other person, given the culture, wouldn’t have done? Is Oedipus a victim of fate or is he responsible for the choices he makes? WhatRead MoreOedipus Essay734 Words   |  3 PagesThis analysis of Oedipus’s character shows how Oedipus, the protagonist and the antagonist against himself, dealt with unfortunate situations which sealed his fate. Oedipus was a strange round character that was really interesting and mysterious. Oedipus’s life was a good example of a true Greek tragedy; he worked himself up to be a great king and ultimately in the end he died with only his perception on life. Oedipus was once a man of power who falls impoverished. He goes from having much respectRead MoreOedipus Essay568 Words   |  3 PagesOedipus, from the play Oedipus the King, is a very unique character whose different aspects are revealed throughout the play. As he talks with characters such as Creon, Jocasta, and Tiresias, we get a well painted portrait of the aspects of Oedipus’ character. The ambitious aspect of Oedipus’ character is revealed through his conversations with the Leader and the Chorus. When the Leader steps up at the beginning of the play to offer suggestions, Oedipus gladly accepts; he asks no one to â€Å"hold back†Read MoreOedipus and Christianity Essay652 Words   |  3 Pages Responsibility was a big deal in the story Oedipus Rex. Even though the gods knew what he was going to do, he still had the free will to do so. This is quite similar to the beliefs of the Christian religion. Christians are accustomed to the idea that God is all knowing, yet we as humans have the gift of free will and that makes us responsible for our own actions. It seems to be similar in the tale of Oedipus Rex and in Greek mythology as a whole. The ideas of this story within the bounds of GreekRead MoreOedipus The King Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesOedipus was a thoughtful king in the book Oedipus Rex written by Sophocles. Before Oedipus was born, Laius and Jocasta (Parents of Oedipus, King and Queen of Thebes) went to go see Apollo. Reason being, they wanted to talk to Apollo to see what future was ahead for their family. He told them that their baby (Oedipus) would end up killing his father Laius and marrying his mother Jocasta. Them hearing such awful news, they pierced his feet together and gave him to a servant/shepherd to leave him inRead MoreOedipus and Othello Essay573 Words   |  3 Pagesfears to consciousness. In tragic plays catharsis is the emotion that makes the audience feel pity, fear, and a sense of relief instead of hopelessness in the end of the play. In the tragedies Oedipus the king by Sophocles and Othello the moor of Venice by Shakespeare we feel these same emotions towards Oedipus and Othello. W e pity them as the audience is faced with their tribulation. We fear because failure can hit anyone and it shows that we humans are easily susceptible. In the end the audience comesRead MoreEssay on Oedipus and Othello 1793 Words   |  8 Pagesliterature, particularly, the will of the gods is commonly attributed to human experiences. In Oedipus the King, for instance, the oracle’s message that Oedipus will kill his father and marry his own mother suggests that he was a puppet in the hands of the gods, who manipulated the events that led to his fall. However, the character’s fate is not entirely attributable to the work of the gods. In the play, Oedipus meets his fate due to his determination to unravel the mysteries surrounding the king’s deathRead MoreEssay on Oedipus is to Blame in Oedipus the King625 Words   |  3 PagesOedipus is to Blame in Oedipus the King      Ã‚   In the story of Oedipus the King, Sophocles portrays the main character, Oedipus, as a good natured person that has bad judgment and frailty.   Oedipus makes a few bad decisions and is condemned to profound suffering because of his pride.   I agree with Aristotle that he brings it all on to himself because of his own personal pride.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One day Oedipus finds out that there is a prophecy that depicts him killing

Comparing Genesis and Revelation - 588 Words

Genesis chapters 1 and 2 tell the story of creation. Revelation chapters 21 and 22 talk about the new heaven and earth that God is creating. The creation account of Genesis and the renewed creation in Revelation have some common ground, but they also have some differences. In the beginning there was nothing, except God. God made everything out of nothing. He made the heavens, earth, and all things. It took him 6 days and on the seventh day he rested. The first thing he created was light, but of course there was still darkness, but the light and the dark were separated. Light was called â€Å"day†, and dark was called â€Å"night†. He made the sun to rule the daytime. For the night He made the moon and the stars. Then God made the land and water. He named the land â€Å"earth† and the water was called â€Å"sea†. Plants and animals were put on the land and fish and the other water creatures were in the sea. There were birds that flew above land . God told the all the animals, the fish, and the birds to be fruitful and multiply. Lastly, God made man. He created them in His own image. However, man was not made from nothing. The first man was made from the dust of the ground and God breathed in him the breath of life. His name was Adam, which means â€Å"dirt† or â€Å"earth†. Adam was to take care of all the animals. He even got to name them all. A helper was made for Adam so he wouldn’t be alone. She was made from one of Adam’s ribs. Her name was Eve, which means â€Å"mother ofShow MoreRelatedThe New World : A Final Examination Of God And Man s Relationship1625 Words   |  7 Pagescompare the beginning and end of the Bible – Genesis and Revelation – in order to observe on what terms the dynamic relationship between man and God began and ended. It can be argued that one’s understanding of this relationship between man and God is vital in one’s understandi ng of the deeper meaning behind the stories within the Bible. Therefore, by comparing and contrasting analogous moments from the first verses of Genesis and the last verses of Revelation, one can see the positive growth in the relationshipRead MoreGnosticism : A Diverse Set Of Beliefs1153 Words   |  5 PagesGnosticism through collections of gnostic scriptures and figures. Through imagery, aeons and the high creator are placed with each other to form realms in â€Å"The Secret Book According to John† reflecting the book of Genesis. â€Å"The Secret Book According to John† is like a backstory of Genesis only with the creations in more specific and complex details. However, through both explanations of each book, Gnosticism does not comprise of just one true belief, but many beliefs put together to define its contentRead MoreCritical Criticism Of Genesis1714 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom the place where you are† Genesis 13:14. The word genesis is the dawning of crea tion, and the biblical book of Genesis is the book that brings fourth the creation of our planet and the life that resides. Genesis also describes the descent of Adam and Eve and unveils the foundation that sin builds upon. Genesis introduces the origin of the holy land, Israel, and inception of holy covenants promised by the holy trinity; the son, the father, and the holy spirit. Genesis communicates the definite eventsRead MoreDefinition Essay: the Good Shepherd1274 Words   |  6 Pagesfollow Jesus. Through contrasting the Good and bad shepherds, investigating the functions the Good shepherd, and looking at biblical examples of the image of the Good shepherd, God’s intention of teaching Christians is more asserted. Through comparing the Good Shepherd and bad shepherds, God teaches every Christians to follow the Good Shepherd. The prophet Ezekiel, in Old Testament, prophesied against the bad shepherds. In Book of Ezekiel 34, He describes the characteristics of bad shepherds;Read MoreMs Paul2146 Words   |  9 PagesOld Testament. This is the most controversial parts of the Bible. In this part of the Bible, there are a lot of details of God as Omniscience, miracles, and Godly intervention. This is detailed from pages 16-17. The Bible claims to be divine revelation. Oswalt defends that biblical claim and argues that it ought to be given the attention it deserves, instead of allowing disbelief in the Bible to occupy a privileged position in the discussion (18). Chapter One In chapter one which is pagesRead MoreGenesis : A Historical, Literal, And Theological Sense2044 Words   |  9 Pageswritten off and just accepted what others have told me about it for years, it is because of this that I will be writing my paper on Genesis 1:1-2:3, which teaches the creation account. I limited it to this because, for obvious reasons, I cannot include anything before this section, and after this section it goes into more detail about the creation of man for the rest of Genesis chapter two and I will not be focused on the specifics of that as much as the whole narrative of creation. Limiting the passageRead MoreAugustine Of Hippo And Lady Julian Of Norwich2222 Words   |  9 PagesCreation found in Genesis 1-3 has captured the attention of countless Christian theologians throughout the ages. Despite the fact that the text of these chapters are quite short, it has proved itself to be a fertile ground from which many of the central tenets of Christian doctrine have s prouted. This fruitful text has also spurred a variety of differing interpretations of the Creation and Fall. Augustine of Hippo and Lady Julian of Norwich are two theologians who interpreted Genesis 1-3 in vastly differentRead MoreThe Form And The Literary Style Of Wisdom1456 Words   |  6 Pageswoman who shows no discretion, highlights the use of powerful imagery ‘a gold ring in a pig’s snout, using metaphoric device by comparing ‘a beautiful women who shows no discretion’. Women appear as topics in both positive and negative form. Barnes suggests this is the â€Å"most direct proverb, in the sense of similitude, with references to nose-rings in Genesis 24:22, Genesis 24:47 . He further propose that â€Å"if we may assume that in ancient Syria, as in modern Europe, swine commonly wore such a ringRead MoreCrow Testament Analysis1627 Words   |  7 Pagesany consent of the natives. In â€Å"Crow Testament,† the falcon steals the salmon from th e crow, which represents how the white man took advantage of the natives’ openness to them. Alexie’s use of the pale horse is a direct reference to the book of Revelation. According to the story, the pale horse is one of the Four Horses of the Apocalypse and its rider is Death. In the poem, the crow is riding the pale horse into a powwow, but none of the natives panic. Alexie is trying to demonstrate that the nativesRead MoreIslam And Christianity Comparative Religious Study1727 Words   |  7 PagesStudy Bible, Genesis). God then told Abraham, â€Å"Take your son, your only son, whom you love –Isaac- and go to the region of Moriah. Sacrifice him there as a burnt offering on a mountain I will show you† (The NIV Study Bible, Genesis 22:2). After Abraham had made his way up the mountain to Moriah, an angel spoke, â€Å"Do not lay a hand on the boy. Do not do anything to him. Now I know that you fear God, because you have not withheld from me your son, you r only son† (The NIV Study Bible, Genesis 22:12). Therefore

Intro Free Essays

Liliana Lopez Caracoza Professor Garchow English 085 November, 13, 2012 Bill Maxwell, Start Snitching, St. Pettersburg Times, September 2007 In the article written by Bill Maxwell, he talks about the black to black violence in poor neighborhoods. He explains on more depth how many deaths have been placed in the last years. We will write a custom essay sample on Intro or any similar topic only for you Order Now People do not contribute to the arrest of the murders, sometimes they are afraid to speak against gang members or other criminal members. Mr. Maxwell gave some facts about the deaths of blacks and he keeps adding people to his Wall of Black Death. A group in Tampa already organized a group called â€Å"don’t snitch†, all the people involved in the program relate to the death of a black relative that died. He gave great example and anecdotes about the crimes from black to black citizens and how the community needed to respond to the continued growing violence towards blacks. Robert Phansalkar, Stop Snitching’ Won’t Stop Crime, University of Wisconsin, 2007 The Article written by Robert Phansalkar, about the diverse communities that do not receive security help from the government. The article explain in detail most of the problems why they do not receive the help necessary, but it actually be helpful if he added statistics on his work. The movement by different rappers and media personalities did not help the growing violence in the most dangerous parts of the poor communities, which are the most dangerous. Gang violence is a part well explain in the article Stop Snitching’ Won’t Stop Crime. Police did not receive any information on the people the attackers and their victims, an example was the rapper Cameron Giles, which was part of the program and did not participate in investigations on his accident. In summary the program did not work. How to cite Intro, Papers

Learning and Development free essay sample

There are many ways a child practitioner can observe and record children and young peoples developments. Photographs are a great way to capture a childs development, by regularly taking pictures of the children doing activities you will be able to build up a great record of their development. Post It Notes come in useful when recording a childs evelopment as you can write down what the child has done quickly on a post it note and come back to it later to expand on the note and add it to the childs learning story (a folder of their work and development, with examples of their work, pictures and notes on their development). A check list is used to focus on a particular aspect of the childs development, this is used to see what a child can do, and is tick off when a child performs this in front of a child practitioner. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning and Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Task A iii) In my childcare centre if a practitioner has any concerns about a child or young persons development during an observation, they would then go to speak to their floor manger about my concerns, my floor manger would then speak to the manger of the nursery, who would then allow for more in-depth observations to take place over a few sessions, when accessing children, practitioners will highlight areas that may need improving and bring this into planning an activity. If after these observations concerns are still there and more noticeable problems are seen, we would then ask the parent or carers of the child to come into the setting and explain what we have noticed and what could be done to help their child and their development, all development records of this child would be shown to the child carers and we would ask for permission to contact a support group for child with development issues.

Jordan essays

Jordan essays The NBA is one of the oldest leagues in the history of sports, and the Chicago Bulls one of the oldest and most famous teams in the history of basketball. The one person who has taken the Chicago Bulls to such heights is none other than Michael Jordan. Despite his self imposed temporary retirement in 1993, which lasted more than a year, Michael Jordan has once again established his reputation as one of the best players in the long history of the National Basketball Association. Now that he is back, Jordan leads the league in scoring with 31.2 points per game (through Tuesday, March 19, 1996). Michael has also lead the Chicago Bulls to defend the United Center, Home of the Chicago Bulls, with no losses so far; the home record being 33-0. Furthermore, Jordan was once again the Most Valuable Player of the All-Star Game held this year in San Antonio. What is the difference between "Air" Jordan (as he is popularly known) two years ago, when he retired, and in 1996, one year after his return to the game he loves the most? Anyone can easily say "none". Can Air Jordan still fly? Of course he can! Just because he did not participate in the Slam-Dunk Contest in San Antonio, it doesn t mean he cannot fly anymore. He is capable of doing the same dunks he use to; only his legs are a little older. By far, Jordan still leads the NBA in scoring as he used to thirty months ago. Right now he leads the league with 31.2 points per game; thirty months ago, he led the league with 32.3 points per game -preretirement lifetime average for 667 games. The new average is after only playing 65 games. "From a statistical standpoint, Michael Jordan is virtually the same player he was before his retirement", commented Terry Armour of the Chicago Tribune (Armour 5). Just ten days after his comeback, Jordan scored a season-high 55 points as the Bulls beat the New York Knicks 113-111. In the long and illustrious history of Madison Square Garden Michael ...

The Inventor of Duct Tape

The Inventor of Duct Tape During the second world war, U.S. troops in the heat of battle had a strangely impractical way of reloading their weapons. Cartridges used for grenade launchers was one example. Boxed, sealed with wax and taped over to protect them moisture, soldiers would need to pull on a tab to peel off the paper tape and break the seal. Sure, it worked... except when it didnt, soldiers were left scrambling to pry the boxes open. The Story of Vesta Stoudt Vesta Stoudt had been working at factory packing and inspecting these cartridges when she got to thinking that there had to be a better way. She also happened to be a mother of two sons serving in the Navy and was particularly perturbed that their lives and countless others were left to such chance. Concerned for the welfare of sons, she discussed with her supervisors an idea she had to fabricate a tape made from strong, water-resistant cloth. And when nothing came of her efforts, she penned a letter to then-President Franklin Roosevelt detailing her proposal (which included a hand-sketched diagram) and closing by making a plea to his conscience: We cant let them down by giving them a box of cartridges that takes a minute or two to open, enabling the enemy to take lives that might be saved had the box been taped with strong tape that can be opened in a split second. Please, Mr. President, do something about this at once; not tomorrow or soon, but now. Oddly enough, Roosevelt passed Stoudts recommendation on to military officials, and in two weeks time, she received notice that her suggestion is being considered and not too long after was informed that her proposal had been approved. The letter also commended her idea was of exceptional merit. Before long, Johnson Johnson, which specialized in medical supplies, was assigned and developed a sturdy cloth tape with a strong adhesive that would come to be known as â€Å"duck tape,† which garnered the company an Army-Navy E Award, an honor given out as a distinction of excellence in the production of war equipment. While Johnson Johnson was officially credited with the invention of duct tape, it’s a concerned mother who will be remembered as the mother of duct tape.  Ã‚   How Duct Tape Works The initial iteration that Johnson Johnson came up with isn’t much different from the version on the market today. Comprised of a piece of mesh cloth, which gives it tensile strength and rigidity to be torn by hand and waterproof polyethylene (plastic), duct tape is made by feeding the materials into a mixture that forms the rubber-based adhesive. Unlike glue, which forms a bond once the substance hardens, duct tape is a pressure-sensitive adhesive that relies on the degree in which pressure is applied. The stronger the pressure, the stronger the bond, particularly with surfaces that are clean, smooth and hard. Who uses duct tape? Duct tape was a huge hit with soldiers due to its strength, versatility and waterproof properties. Used to make all sorts of repairs from boots to furniture, it’s also a popular fixture in the world of motorsports, where crews use strips to patch up dents. Film crews working on-set have a version called gaffer’s tape, which doesn’t leave a sticky residue. Even NASA Astronauts pack a roll when they go on space missions. Besides repairs, other creative uses for duct tape include strengthening cellular reception on the Apple iPhone 4 and as a form of medical treatment for removing warts called duct tape occlusion therapy, which research hasn’t been proven to be effective. Duct tape or duck tape? In this case, either pronunciation would be correct. According to Johnson Johnson’s website, the original green sticky cloth tape got its name during world war II when soldiers started calling it duck tape for the way liquids seem to roll off like water off a duck’s back. Not long after the war, the company launched a metallic-silver version called duct tape after executives discovered it can also be used to seal heating ducts. Interestingly enough, however, scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory conducted field tests on heating ducts and determined that duct tape was insufficient for sealing leaks or cracks.

Understanding How God Calls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Understanding How God Calls - Essay Example As such, God uses His word to communicate with humans. Upon reading the scripture, individuals gain insight of their purpose in the world. The Word gives meaning to life and an understanding of how God wants humanity to live. In Proverbs 6:22, humanity is assured that the Word of God shall talk to them when they awaken. As such, God uses the scripture to call on His people. Spiritual People God uses spiritual people to call. In the past, the prophets were believed to be used by God to communicate with people. They were regarded highly and people respected them. In the modern world, people seek inspiration from spiritual people. In addition, the spiritual people offer counsel on how to live life according to God’s will. In 1 Corinthians 2:13, Paul assures humanity that they speak word taught to them by the Spirit to explain spiritual realities. It is important to acknowledge God’s call through spiritual people as a means of communication to humanity.Creating Needs for Hu manityIn Ecclesiastes 3:1-15, Solomon writes about how everything in the world has its time. This can be interpreted as a means used by God to call on his people. Different events are attributable to God’s manner to communicate. As such, He creates different needs as a means to call. For instance, in times of laughter, God calls on His people to give thanks. However, in times of crying, He calls on His people to seek help from Him. Everyday humanity undergoes different needs that call for God’s intervention.

Improving Organisational Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Improving Organisational Performance - Essay Example Hence, affiliations ought to, abruptly, inculcate the transformation of the entire HR activities into more appealing HPW systems rather than lag in the same old HR system. These upgrading results into a potential competitive benefit meeting most challenges associated to low performance systems. It also augments the level of workforce performance and involvement in the welfare of the organization’s performance. In reference to (Datta, Guthrie & Wright 2005), affiliations that embrace the application of HPW systems or rather upgraded HR practices that respect and encourage workforce performance, motivation and competencies experience augmented labor output and overall affiliation performance outcome. For success to be evident, affiliations ought to differentiate via service distinction, as they drive the content of their work systems: with the business strategies of the organization considered. (Liao, Topak, Lepak & Hong 2009 p.372) emphasized that the strategically directed app roaches suggests that for the given argument to be effectively evident, affiliation work systems and structures ought to establish a horizontal fit within HR practices. This is in such a way that these practices match and complement well, achieving a resultant vertical fit, to align the affiliation strategies with the work systems. HPW systems are a comprehensive fusion of HR activities inclusive of compensation policy, participation of the workforce, and raining to drive in skills. These working systems augur perfectly with the affiliation work structures and occurrences meant to augment, by a vast scale, the resultant competencies, adaptability, flexibility and commitment of workforces(Bohlander & Snell 2010). Additionally, the working systems focus primarily on systemizing and synchronizing the various sections of the affiliation to aid it achieve its goals and objectives within a specified time. In the entire study, I shall critically explore and discuss the HPW systems in Coca- cola and Renault companies. Coca-Cola Company Introduction In Coca-Cola, performance management entails yearly appraisal of workforces’ job performance and the processes of communicating working expectations, providing respective feedback on work performance on a recurrent basis that inculcates en-year rating. Through this rating practice, the affiliation is able to promote, compensate and make other employment decisions. Contemporarily, Coca-Cola has substantially implemented a consummately ingenious Pm system for the corporate workforces in the review cycle for 2002. For instance, the company has inculcated a unique performance management system for the US workforces whose aim is to ensure a fairly documented work performance assessment that is based on work related measurements. Instantly, the system requires a worker to meet their manager at the start of every new cycle to define their performance objectives. This aids the company to have complete control over their workf orces’ performance behaviors. Renault Company Introduction Renault is an automobile company that has a distinct declaration to respect workforces’ basic rights and helping them to progress in their working environment through application of ingenious performance management practices. In order to cultivate a spirit of honesty and complete transparency, Renault has established a good conduct code that guides its workforces to ensure that they deliver their best in terms of work

Revelance In Modern Indian Strategic Context

Revelance In Modern Indian Strategic Context This single treatise on the Science of Politics has been prepared mostly by bringing together the teaching of as many treatises on the Science of Politics as have been composed by ancient teachers for the acquisition and protection of earth. Indian strategic thought in modern times is more often than not submerged in the western thought processes. Allusions to Sun Tzu, Machiavelli, Clausewitz and more recently the treatise on Unrestricted Warfare by the two Chinese colonels is recurrent in the writings on theories of international relations and warfare, mostly crafted by the developed countries. Orations on political science consider the idea of the state as an European phenomena. Lessons on political theory and political philosophy confine to the Greek Trinity of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle and stay within the Western World. Modern India, at times, seems to flounder in its responses to these thought processes. India, a nation, which bequeathed Zero to the world, is justifiably determined not to be reduced to a nonentity in the international arena. As it marches firmly into the 21st Century, it would do the nation a world of good, if it pauses, and looks back hard, at the rich strategic and military heritage of its own, stretching back to more than two and a half millennium of recorded history. Significant amongst them would be Kautilyas Arthashastra a cornucopia of economic, political, diplomatic, administrative, military and strategic perspicacity. Many of the aspects of a State that the Westphalian system incorporates in 1648, were already done by the Kautilyan State in 300 BC. India, it seems, has unfortunately turned its back on its rich heritage. Does this fourth century BC treatise have any relevance for modern times? Do we have anything to learn from it? Or is Kautilya predestined to be relegated to the dustbins of history or ordained to a few convenient quotations? Can we be justifiably proud of his astuteness or flinch at some of his statements to the point of disowning him or both? Has modern day warfare and international relations moved far ahead so as to render his teachings to be extraneous? Do we need to spend valuable time studying his manual? These are some of the thoughts that arise in the mind, as one occasionally picks up and glimpses through the Kautilyas Arthashastra. Hypothesis. With the above background, the following hypothesis has been formulated:- The timeless nature of Kautilyas teachings has significant relevance, both in the present and foreseeable future, for the conduct of foreign policy and warfare in the Indian context. Statement of the Problem. To prove the line of argument mentioned in the hypothesis, statement of the problem of the dissertation is as delineated below. To study the salient teachings of Kautilya and analyse their relevance, with respect to foreign affairs and warfare, in the Indian context, in the present and foreseeable future. Justification of the Study. Kautilya or Kautilya also known as Vishnugupta has had a reverential fascination for the Indian students of warfare. For many Indians, brought up in the Sino-Indian rivalry, subconsciously, he has been Indias answer to Chinas Sun Tzu (544 BC-496 BC) their nearly contemporaneous lives furthering their comparisons. However, unfortunately, the Indian Army has never institutionalized the study of Kautilya and his famous treatise Arthashastra. Promotion exams have never deemed it fit to cast a glance at the man and his work while seriously lapping up lesser mortals. But for a research project or a dissertation once in a couple of years, the neglect has been deafening. Stray quotes, often without the benefit of a serious study, do embellish individual speakers talks/presentations. Various seminars such as the Indian Art of warfare by the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) in 2008, One Hundred Years of Kautilyas Arthashastra by the Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA) and a Worksho p on Kautilya by the IDSA on the 18 Oct 2012 have been held, however, no serious effort has been made to make Kautilyan Arthashastra a mandatory part of the curriculum in Indian Army. To be honest among ourselves, much of what passes for strategic thinking in India today is derivative, using concepts, doctrines and a vocabulary derived from other cultures, times, places and conditions. This is why, with a few honorable exceptions like the home-grown nuclear doctrine, it fails to serve our needs, impact policy, or to find a place in domestic and international discourse  [2]  . By reading Kautilya (and other texts like the Shantiparva of the Mahabharata) one is reminded of the rich experience in our tradition of multipolarity, of asymmetries in the distribution of power, of debate on the purposes of power (where dharma is defined), of the utility of force, and of several other issues with contemporary resonance. In many ways it is Indias historical experience of poly-centric multi-state systems, plurality, and of the omni-directional diplomacy and relativistic statecraft that it produced, which is closer to the world we see today. Does this fourth century BC treatise have any relevance for modern times? Do we have anything to learn from it? Or is Kautilya ordained to be consigned to the dustbins of history or relegated (as he is at present) to a few convenient quotations? Can one be justifiably proud of his teachings or cringe at some of his statements to the point of disowning him or both? Has modern day warfare and international relations moved far ahead to render his teachings irrelevant? Do we still need to spend valuable time studying his manual? These are some of the thoughts that arise in the minds as one occasionally picks up / glances through Kautilyas Arthashastra. It is interesting to note that many other antagonist countries neighbouring India, have studied Kautilyan theories in greater detail than we have, only to use Kautilyan model to contain and degrade Delhis power. The study is believed to be a part of the curriculum in the Defence Services Staff College at Quetta. The study of Kautilyas Arthashastra has to be annealed by the realism that the world has definitely moved on, especially since the Industrial and Informational Ages. The more significant of the changes include:- Nation-States have emerged since the Treaty of Westphalia of 1648 and have replaced monarchies. Democracy has spread its roots wide and deep and a more egalitarian society is on the upswing, albeit with glaring exceptions. The idea of war as the preferred option to settle disputes has been largely replaced by war as the frowned upon option in international forum with deterrence being the buzzword. Economics and trade in an progressively globalised and symbiotic world have become major thespians in the arena of international relations. Multi National Corporations (MNC) has grown in stature, power and influence. Religion as a factor has gained disproportionately greater prominence in international relations. Terrorism and fourth generation warfare have begun to alter the fundamental rules of warfare. Scales of destruction wrought by nuclear and conventional weapons have increased by phenomenal multiples coupled with increased battlefield transparency, real time data transfer, precision strikes and communications. Human migration and the consequent influence positive and negative of diasporas have created subtle pressure points. Notwithstanding the dramatic transformation in the society and conduct of warfare and diplomacy, any serious student of warfare needs to study Kautilyas Arthashastra. But why? As practitioners of national security, to gain a deeper understanding of ancient Indian military tradition. It is not only sufficient to lay claims as one of the worlds ancient civilizations, as military men, it is important to understand the military contribution to the growth of ancient Indian civilization. Certain aspects of warfare, international relations and internal security do not change and are timeless. Nation states are primarily driven by their national interests. Hence we must not fail to learn from the wealth of accumulated wisdom of centuries of yore since Those who fail to learn from history are condemned to repeat it  [3]  . Although, we live in a world that is different from Kautilyas in terms of technology and experience, But human responses are still similar, as is the behaviour of the states that humans create and run. Human emotions, however rational and cool, are the basic drivers of policies and actions at all levels. Reading and understanding Kautilya helps us by broadening our vision on issues of strategy. To develop pride in Indian lineage of strategic thought. To reconnect with the rich Indian tradition of strategic thought and contribute to the evolution of our own strategic vocabulary and thought. The fact that the script of Arthashastra was discovered only in 1905 and was translated and published in 1914, gave it a delayed start over many other schools of thought. Moreover, India at the height of Non-violent Independence Struggle and Gandhian-Nehruvian- Buddhist ideology had no place for Kautilya Neeti with its strong streak of Realist School of Thought. Indians own lack of pride in Ancient Indian Civilization and the desire of the elite to read English, speak English, think English and behave English could have led to the marginalisation of Kautilyan thoughts. The difficulty in studying Kautilya and his times are due to the cartographic gaps, poor state and progression of maps and the controversies about the age and identity of the Kautilya himself. The contemplations about the age of the work vary between 4th century BCE and 3rd Century ACE. There are different views about the authorship of the ArathaShastra. One holds that Kautilya was a single person who wrote it by himself while the other claims it to be a compiled work by authors under the rubric of Kautilya. A few scholars find the traces of all strategies and diplomacy within the Arthashastra while others allege that its importance is magnified and overstated. English translations published, including those of foreign authors were serious scholarly studies. Even Penguins Kautilya, The Arthashastra, a mammoth classic of 868 pages authored by L N Rangarajan (LNR) and published in a simplified form in 1992, dissuaded many but the most ardent of the readers. Arthashastra remained out of reach for all but the serious scholars. However, to the credit of the scholars, both Indian and foreign, it must be well acknowledged, that they have done a monumental service in bringing Arthashastra to our doorsteps. The Indian defence forces immersed in their studies of military campaigns and principles of warfare propounded by Europeans and Americans have found little use (but for a few quotations here and there) for a man who was supposed to have penned his thoughts during the Mauryan Era. In fact, the Indian defence forces have largely been guilty of neglecting pre-independence home-grown military craft and strategic thought. We are afflicted with neglect of our pre-modern histories. Indias supposedly incoherent strategic approach is actually a colonial construct, as is the idea of Indians somehow forgetting their own history and needing to be taught it by Westerners who retrieved it to perpetuate colonial rule and, after independence, to induce self-doubt and a willingness to follow. Limitations and Certain Guidelines Followed The study is limited by the authors inability to understand Sanskrit, the language in which Kautilya wrote his Arthashastra. The research is hence based on English Translations of Kautilyas Arthashastra. Prof RP Kangles seminal three volume publication, The Kautilya Arthashastra, has been considered as the basis of research, supplemented by Prof LN Rangarajans 868 pages classic, Kautilya The Arthashastra, published by Penguin, Dr R. Shamasastry, the first discover and translator of manuscript of Kautilyas Arthashastra and other publications mentioned in the bibliography. The names Kautilya and Kautilya have been interchangeably used since different authors have used either or both the names. Mostly, the dissertation has endeavoured to use the name Kautilya. Scope. This study will begin with the Arthashastra itself with more detailed consideration to those portions that specifically deal with interstate relations and warfare. Although there is a substantial text related to the economic, political, administrative, judicial and strategic aspects of the state, they will not be discussed in this thesis. Methods of Data Collection The study is based on descriptive research. All the information for the study is gathered from various books available in the library and from the Internet. The following books have been consulted:- The Kautilya Arthashastra by RP Kangle (CDM Library). Kautilyan Arthashastra by MB Chande (CDM Library). Kautilya Arthashastra original translation by R. Shamasastry in 1915. (Internet Download http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/Docs/index.cfm). The First Great Political Realist : Kautilya and his Arthashastra by Roger Boesche (Recommended to be procured by CDM library USD 28). Layout The dissertation is organised into six chapters. Chapter One deals with introducing the subject, hypothesis and the methodology of the research. It is proposed to study the subject under the following heads:- Chapter 2 Introduction to Kautilya and his premier work the Arthashastra. Chapter 3 Essentials of Kautilyan teachings on foreign affairs and their relevance to modern times in Indian context. Chapter 4 Kautilyan thoughts on conduct of warfare and their relevance to modern times in Indian context. Chapter 5 Recommendations Conclusion. CHAPTER II KAUTILYA: THE MAN AND HIS WORK A PRIMER Introduction. Kautilya is well known in history as a kingmaker. He overthrew the last king of Nanda dynasty and placed the great Maurya Chandragupt on the throne and established him in Magadh. Magadh was the largest, richest, and most powerful kingdom in India in 300 BC. Kautilya was also known by other names such as Vishnugupt and Kautilya. There are various theories about origin of Kautilya. One theory is that he was a brahmin from Kerala who was in the court of Nanda King at Patliputra. Another states that he was a North Indian brahmin, born and educated at the famous town of Taxila who came to Patliputra to win laurels in philosophic disputations. Kautilya was known for his proficiency in the Vedas, skill in strategy, intrigue and also physical ugliness. There are various legends about the meeting of Kautilya and Chandragupt Maurya. Some say that Chandragupta was of a royal lineage and while he was shunted out from the Nanda Kingdom, saw a young Brahmin pouring sugar syrup on some grass so that the ants could eat up the grass which had cut his feet. Seeing the determination and perseverance of Kautilya, he asked him for help. Another story goes that the scholars of Patliputra recognising the genius in Kautilya had honoured him by making him president of a Sangha (Trust), which administered kings grants and charities. The king felt disgusted at the ugliness of Kautilya and developed contempt towards Kautilya. There was no refinement in the words and conduct of Kautilya. The king removed Kautilya from the post of the president, Kautilya vowed to uproot his dynasty. During his wanderings, he came across Chandragupta Maurya. He found Chandragupta and other boys playing in a field. In their games Chandragupta was always the king and other children brought their problems to him. Kautilya was impressed by the wisdom of the child and chose him to be the king. While it is not the purpose of this research paper to question the veracity of the the origin of Arthashastra, it is nevertheless necessary to briefly touch upon this subject with a larger aim in mind. Whatever may have been the true circumstances of their meeting, both needed each other. After Kautilya got Chandragupta educated at Taxila, together they set about attacking the Nanda kingdom. Jointly they succeeded in defeating the king and installing Chandragupta as the king. They expanded the empire and created a vast kingdom in the Indus valley and the Gangetic plains even destroying the Greek-Macedonian troops led by Alexander the Great and firmly established the Maurya Empire. Once the empire was established, Kautilya retired from active life and is believed to have written Arthashastra during that period around 320 BC. Scriptures say that it is more in upbringing that makes a man as compared to his genetic makeup or even the company he keeps. Therefore it is important to know the atmosphere in which a person was brought up to make out his essence. However, our ancient historians and writers were not well versed with keeping a very exhaustive record of their times. This becomes more evident in the case of Kautilya whose early life has not been recorded. However, almost all agree to the fact that Kautilya was born to a well read scholar who knew the importance of education. It is this background that needs to be examined in any objective study of Kautilya. Kautilya has been misunderstood by a lot of people, mainly the modern western scholars. He was fearless, not afraid of death, disgrace or defeat. He was compassionate of the poor and kind and evil to schemers. His writings which clearly show his fearlessness in the pursuit of truth have been echoed over 2000 years later when Swami Vivekananda cried out, Arise, Awake, and Sleep not till the goal is reached. Probably the most accurate description of Kautilya can be found in Nehrus words in the Discovery of India, Kautilya has been called the Indian Machiavelli and to some extent the comparison is justified. But he was a much bigger person in every way, greater in intellect and reason. He was no mere follower of a king or a humble adviser of an all powerful emperor. He was bold and scheming, proud and revengeful, never forgetting a slight, never forgetting his purpose, availing himself of every device to delude and delude and defeat the enemy. He sat with the reins of empire in his hands and looked upon the emperor more as a loved pupil than as master. Simple and austere in life, uninterested in pomp and pageantry of high position, when he had redeemed his pledge and accomplished his purpose, he retired to a life of contemplation. There is an ethical undertone in his thought and teaching. If one looks closely into his teaching, it is seen that Kautilya advocated moderation in material pleasures and adherence to the path of righteousness. He himself lived such a life, refusing all adornments or riches even after establishing the first Indian empire. He constantly exhorted to give up sensory pleasure and cultivate qualities like kindness, patience etc. In talking about the four stages of life (commonly followed in Hinduism), he feels mixing of spiritual and sensual aspects are essential with the former slowly displacing the latter in stages. One can go on and on with illustrations to prove Kautilyas farsightedness, keenness of perception, and infallibility. Arthashastra In 1902 a little known Bhatta Swamy of Tanjore chanced upon 168 palm leaves of text written sometime in the 4th century BC, he handed it over to a Sanskrit scholar Dr Rudrapatna Shama Shastry, who was a curator at Oriental Research Institute (ORI) of Mysore. Dr Rudrapatna Shama Shastry deciphered it to be the Kautilan Arthashastra and published the text in1909 and an English translation in 1915 along with an Index Verborum listing the occurrence of every word in the text. Subsequently another original manuscript and some fragments, in a variety of scripts, were discovered. Dr R Shamasastry then revised his original translation. In addition to Dr R Shama Shastrys translation there is an edition of the text with a complete Sanskrit commentary by T Ganapati Sastri, a German translation with voluminous notes by Mr JJ Meyer, a Russian translation and translations in many Indian languages. Sometime in 1960s Dr RP Kangle of Bombay University published an edition of three volumes which contained the text with precise numbering of the verses, an English translation and an exhaustive study. In 1990 Dr LN Rangarajan published an edited and rearranged translation that has grouped the verses and improved clarity. Dr RP Kangle first published his three-volume edition between 1960 and 1965. The Volume I contains a definite critically edited text with precise numbering of the Sutras and Verses, Volume II is an English translation with the detailed notes which take into account all other translations and Volume III is an exhaustive study.  [4]  The reference in this dissertation to Kautilya Arthashastra i.e. the Book, Chapter and Shlokas is from Kangles English translation i.e. Volume II, unless otherwise specified. Arthashastra is a the product of centuries of evolved strategic thinking. Kautilya himself cites several previous authorities differing views on many issues. Bharadvaja, Vishalaksha, Parasara, Pisuna and others are mentioned often. Kautilya argues with them, while presenting their views before his own. Sadly, what we know of many of them is limited to what Kautilya tells us  [5]  . Kautilyan Arthashastra is a treatise on Arthashastra by Kautilya. The word Artha is the sustenance or livelihood (Vrtthih) of men; in other words, it means the earth inhabited by men. Arthashastra is the science, which is the means of the acquisition and protection of the earth. In words of the author himself The subsistence of mankind is termed artha, wealth; the earth which contains mankind is termed artha, wealth; that science which treats the means of acquiring and maintaining the earth is the Arthashastra, Science of Polity. The Arthashastra, literally translated as the art of wealth, is an examp le of a genre common to the period. Arthashastra is a handbook for the king on art of governance. It is defined as the Shastra that shows how this activity of the acquisition and protection of the earth should be carried out. Arthashastra has a two-fold aim. First, it seeks to show how the ruler should protect his territory. This protection (palana) refers principally to the administration of the state. Second, it shows how territory should be acquired. This acquisition (labha) refers principally to the conquest of territory from others. Artha is understood to stand for material well-being as well as the means of securing such well-being, particularly, wealth. Thus, Arthashastra is understood as the science dealing with state affairs in the internal as well as the external sphere it is the science of statecraft or of politics and administration.  [6]  The name Arthashastra for the science of politics and administration, though unusual, appears to be quite old and even finds mention in Mahabharata  [7]  . Thus the two cover the whole range of state activity. The Kautilyan Arthashastra contains fifteen Adhikaranas or Books, 150 Chapters, 180 Sections and 6000 Shlokas  [8]  . Of these, the first five deal with tantra or the internal administration of the state, the next eight deal with avapa or relations of a state with neighbouring states, while the last two are miscellaneous in character.  [9]  Kautilyan Arthashastra is a detailed examination of all factors affecting the internal administration of the state, foreign policy and waging war. The topics covered by each of these 15 books are given below: Book 1. Deals with king his training, the appointment of ministers and other officers of the state, the daily routine to be followed by the ruler and his safety and security. Book 2. Describes the duties of various executive officers of the state and a full picture of state activities in agriculture, mining, leisure activities and so on. Book 3. It is concerned with law and the administration of justice, reproduces a complete code of law. Book 4. Deals with the suppression of crime and includes sections on detection of crime, control over merchants and artisans, torture and capital punishment. Book 5. It is a miscellaneous collection of topics including the salary scales of officials Book 6. It is very short, containing only two chapters, but both are important, since they set out the theoretical basis for the whole work. The first chapter sets out the theory of the constituent element of a state and the second the theory of foreign policy. Book 7. It contains an exhaustive discussion on the way in which each of the six methods of foreign policy may be used in various situations that are likely to arise in the conduct of foreign policy. Book 8. This is concerned with Vyasanas, usually translated as calamities, which may affect adversely the efficient functioning of the various constituent elements. Book 9. Deals with preparation for war and includes topics such as the different kinds of troops that could be moblised, the proper conditions for starting an expedition and the dangers to be guarded against before starting. Book 10. This book is concerned with fighting and describes the main battle camp, types of battle arrays and different modes of fighting. Book 11. This book has only one chapter and describes how a conqueror should tackle oligarchies governed by a group of chiefs instead of a single king. Book 12. It shows how a weak king, when threatened by a stronger king, should frustrate the latters designs and ultimately overcome him. Book 13. This book is concerned with conquest of the enemys fort by subterfuge / fight. It also describes how the conquered territories should be ruled. Book 14. It deals with secret and occult practices. Book 15. Describes the methodology and the logical techniques used in the work.  [10]   Disputes Over Period of Arthashastra The arguments put forth by the non-traditional school are many. The significant ones amongst them are outlined in the succeeding lines. There are no references to Chandragupta Maurya and his kingdom and his rule in Kautilyas Arthashastra. It also does not refer to the wars fought by Chandragupta. Megasthenes, the Greek Ambassador at the court of Chandragupta Maurya, in his famous account, Indica, does not refer to Kautilya at any time. Julius Jolly a German scholar for example, argues that according to Megasthenes, Indians knew only five metals and were inexperienced in mining and metallurgy, but the Arthashastra shows a highly developed technical skill and knowledge of chemical processes including knowledge of alchemy.  [11]  Hence it belongs to a later date. Theres also no reference to Pataliputra, the capital of Chandragupta Maurya at all in the text. Further, the text is primarily addressed to the ruler of a comparatively small state, a member of a circle of twelve more or less similar states.  [12]  This argument is also advanced to imply that the treatise was written much latter, even later than the Gupta period, when there was no empire in India. With respect to place names which figure in the text in Book 2 (The Activity of the Heads of Departments), K Nag has this to say Every serious historian will hesitate to consider as written in the fourth century BC, a treatise containing names like Harahura and Kapisa, Kamboja and Aratla, Bahilika and Vanayu (Arabia), Tamraparni and Pandyakarataka, Suvarna Kudya and Suvarna Bhumi, Cina and Nepala.  [13]  The mention of Cina has been especially singled out to indicate that the name came to be used for China only after the Chin dynasty established its sway over the whole of China in the second half of the third century BC  [14]  . The appearance of the word surunga a tunnel is shown by Otto Stein that the word is Greek in origin and hence a work making such frequent use of the word could not have been written so early as the fourth century BC  [15]  . Further, Stein asserts that the Arthashastra cannot claim a higher antiquity than those sciences, which the Chapter 2.10 (T he Topic of Edicts) presupposes, viz, stylistics, niti and writing  [16]  . The use of Sanskrit instead of Prakrits for writing royal decrees (as was done during Ashokas period and the practice of the Satavahanas  [17]  is also held up to indicate a later date. Others state that Arthashastra uses Philosophical Sutras, which appeared not before the fifth century AD. Certain well known treatises having similarity of content, like Yajna Valkaya, Manu Smriti, SilpaShastra AlamkaraShastra and Kamasutra of Vastsyayana have also been referred to, to indicate that Kautilyas Arthashastra could not have preceded them and hence has to be assigned a later date (third or fourth century AD). Some like RG Bhandarkar refer to the circumstance that Patanjali in his Mahabhasya  [18]  does not mention Kautilya, though he refers to the Sabha of Chandragupta and to the Mauryas. He therefore concludes that Kautilya must be assigned to a date later than that of the Mahabhasya  [19]  . Kangle in his seminal work has considered each of these objections and a few more. He then goes on to systematically put forth convincing arguments against them and proves that Kautilyas Arthashastra was indeed written in the fourth century BC. Megasthenes Indica is not completely available and is preserved only in fragments. One cannot be

Morality and Utilitarianism Essay

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that holds that an action is right if it produces, or if it tends to produce, the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people affected by the action. Otherwise the action is wrong.  This cost-benefit analysis is a form of utility calculation. People in business theory use utility curves to plot the results of various actions, choosing those that maximize whatever it is that they wish to achieve. This utility approach is not foreign to most people. It is widely used in many forms of general decision making and can be applied to moral issues as well as to strictly business issues. A defense of utilitarianism as an ethical theory is that it describes what rational people actually do in making moral decisions. It explicitly formulates for them the procedures they intuitively and spontaneously use in moral reasoning. The theory renders explicit what is implicit in the ordinary moral reasoning and argumentation that we ourselves use Utilitarianism adopts a teleological approach to ethics and claims that actions are to be judged by their consequences. According to this view, actions are not good or bad in themselves. Actions take on moral value only when considered in conjunction with the effects that follow upon them. Act utilitarianism holds that each individual action, in all its concreteness and in all its detail, is what should be subjected to the utilitarian test. Rule utilitarians hold that utility applies appropriately to classes of actions rather than to given individual actions. Thus, by looking at the general consequences of breaking contracts in the past, we can determine that breaking contracts is immoral. One objection claims that utilitarianism is ungodly because it proposes utility, rather than the Bible or God, as a basis for moral judgments. A second objection frequently brought against utilitarianism is that no one has the time to calculate all the consequences of an action beforehand. A third objection to utilitarianism is that we cannot know the full results of any action, nor can we accurately weigh the different kinds of good and evil that result. The calculation is artificial and not practical. 1.Accurately state the action to be evaluated. 2.Identify all those who are directly and indirectly affected by the action. 3.Consider whether there is some dominant, obvious consideration that carries such importance as to outweigh other considerations. 4.Specify all the pertinent good and bad consequences of the action for those directly affected, as far into the future as appears appropriate, and imaginatively consider various possible outcomes and the likelihood of their occurring. 5.Weigh the total good results against the total bad results, considering quantity, duration, propinquity or remoteness, fecundity, and purity for each value (kind of good and kind of bad), and the relative importance of these values. 6.Carry out a similar analysis, if necessary, for those indirectly affected, as well as for society as a whole. 7.Sum up all the good and bad consequences. If the action produces more good than bad, the action is morally right; if it produces more bad than good, it is morally wrong. 8.Consider, imaginatively, whether there are various alternatives other than simply doing or not doing the action, and carry out a similar analysis for each of the other alternative actions. 9.Compare the results of the various actions. The action that produces the most good (or the least bad, if none produces more good than bad) among those available is the morally proper action to perform Bribery in business is an interesting kind of action to examine from a utilitarian point of view, because those who engage in bribery frequently justify their actions based on something similar to utilitarian grounds. Utilitarianism, far from being a self-serving approach to moral issues, demands careful, objective, and impartial evaluation of consequences. It is a widely used—but often misused—approach to moral evaluation. A powerful tool of moral reasoning, it is a technique well worth mastering. An Airplane Manufacturing Case An airplane manufacturer has spent a great deal of money developing a new airplane. The company badly needs cash because it is financially overextended. If it does not get some large orders soon, it will have to close down part of its operation. Doing that will put several thousand workers out of jobs. The president of the company bribes a foreign minister to insure the purchase of the planes, arguing that the good done overall justifies the use of bribery.

Ptsd Is A Whole Body Tragedy, An Integral Human Event Of...

A quote stated by Susan Pease Banitt once said, â€Å"PTSD is a whole-body tragedy, an integral human event of enormous proportions with massive repercussions†. Veterans returning from war should be able to overcome post-traumatic stress disorder by going to health professionals or getting help with counseling. What is PTSD? Post-traumatic stress disorder is a life-threatening exposure in which an individual experiences a flashback to a traumatic event, such as war. Combat often substantially affects the soldier’s minds, but post-traumatic stress disorder can follow after a personal assault too (Wiley, 875). Post-traumatic stress disorder develops in response to a traumatic event. About 60% of men and 50% of women experience a traumatic event in their lifetime. For most people they will have the symptoms of PTSD for about days or weeks after the event happened, but for others the symptoms are way more sever and long lasting. The reasons on why some people develop this disorder are still being studied though (Candy, 243). PTSD is more common in â€Å"at risk† groups than as those serving in combat, but that doesn’t mean that people that serve as combat are less likely to get PTSD. At least 30% of men and women who served in Vietnam experience post-traumatic stress disorder. PTSD begins usually after a traumatic event but it can also be delayed for many years. Most of the symptoms can improve gradually after a year but for some the symptoms can last a lifetime (Blow et. al. 266).Show MoreRelatedPtsd Essay727 Words   |  3 PagesFrom the lips of one Susan Pease Banitt, â€Å"PTSD is a whole-body tragedy, an integral human event of enormous proportions with massive repercussions.† Posttraumatic stress disorder is a serious mental disorder that is no respecter of persons. PTSD affects, not only the person involved, but also the people who are closely connected to said person. The symptoms related to posttraumatic stress disorder can vary depending on the severity of the traumatic ev ent and how the sufferer was involved. There areRead MorePtsd Essay1415 Words   |  6 PagesEffective Ways to Combat PTSD from Sexual Abuse People who experience PTSD experience â€Å"a whole-body tragedy, an integral human event of enormous proportions with massive repercussions.† (Banitt). PTSD is a common mental disorder that over 7.8 percent of Americans will experience (NDVA). Traumatic stress, such as war, sexual abuse or assault, gang violence, etc. can cause PTSD. There are a few known ways that can help treat and prevent this disorder, but more research can help develop these methods

What is Hyperglycemia - 713 Words

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